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Introduction
Urbanization has profound environmental impacts on the surrounding natural areas, such as these desert mountains in the Phoenix, Arizona area. Environmental Science is a free and open textbook that...
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Thinking Like a Scientist
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the shared characteristics of the natural sciences Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning Illustrate the...
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Environmental Science and Sustainability
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Differentiate between environmental science, ecology, and environmentalism Explain why it is important to study environmental...
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Environmental Ethics
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the views of influential environmental ethicists Define the major ethical theories and attitudes towards the...
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Matter and Energy
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the elements common in biological matter Explain the structure and components of an atom Identify the properties of...
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Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: List the levels of organization of living things in the environment Differentiate between food chains and food webs Describe how...
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Biogeochemical Cycles
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the concept of net primary productivity Explain the reasons why different biomes have different levels of primary...
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Water Resources
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of how much water is available on Earth and how it is distributed Explain how water scarcity...
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Agriculture and Sustainability
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss how conventional agriculture affects ecosystems, economies, and human health Identify environmental effects of...
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Population and Community Ecology
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe how ecologists measure population size and density Describe three different patterns of population distribution Explain...
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Evidence of Evolution
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain how the modern theory of evolution differs from previous views Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was...
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Mechanisms of Evolution
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe how natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow lead to evolution Differentiate between divergent...
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Sustaining Biodiversity
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Identify benefits of biodiversity to humans Explain the effects of habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, and climate...
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The Human Population
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss how the human population is growing exponentially Explain how fertility rate affects the growth of a population Explain...
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Energy Sources and Air Pollution
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Outline the history of human energy use Understand the challenges to continued reliance on fossil energy Outline environmental...
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Climate Change
Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain how the greenhouse effect warms the earth Differentiate between global warming and global climate change Summarize the...
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